‘@Play‘ is a frequently-appearing column which discusses the history, present, and future of the roguelike dungeon exploring genre.

Larn, created by Noah Morgan, may his name be sung by the bards forever, is a venerable classic roguelike game, from the same era as Moria and the first Hacks. It’s always been more obscure than the other games but was still popular, and it’s still played today. atsb, aka Gibbon, made a GitHub post commemorating its 40th anniversary, and noting the code has been ported to run on many systems, like Windows, Mac, Linux, DOS, OS/2, 68000, Alpha and many others. There they have both its source code and many precompiled binaries. We covered Larn once back on GameSetWatch, but GSW’s now only accessible through the Wayback Machine, and my Larn article from there is in the book Exploring Roguelike Games, so it seems a good opportunity to write of it again here.

You can download it from that page, but note that after unpacking it you should copy the files in the larnfiles directory into that of the executable, then edit larnopts to suit your playstyle (I’d change the player name, turn on color and pick a suitable gender.) If you don’t copy the files you won’t have in-game help; if you don’t edit larnopts your player will default to a male character named Gibbon.

I’ve only played a little of this version, but what I’ve seen is in keeping with the style of olde. Larn is a great game and worth trying. It makes a lot of different choices from its colleague games, which gives it a different feel. By default it’s easier than Rogue or Hack, but you can pick a higher difficulty if you want. High-difficulty games are ranked higher on the scoreboard.

Larn has a town level like Moria, but it includes features like a college that can teach you skills (but cost money and time) and a bank to save money at. It has two dungeons: a main dungeon that’s ten levels long, and a volcano that’s three levels and much stronger monsters. It has many random features, akin to Nethack’s fountains and thrones, that can do various things to your character, and it uses a code-based spell system. Press Shift-I from the spellcasting prompt (the c key) to be told what spells you know and what their codes are.

In the land of Larn many items cost lots of money, but you also find lots of money in the dungeon, there are lots of valuable gems there, and enemies frequently drop more. There are some things that are different from the Rogue and the Hack line of roguelikes that will need some adjustment:

• One key that works the same is Question Mark for Help, which should give you enough information to start you on your way.
• I haven’t tried using a numpad to play yet, but the help text doesn’t mention it. You might have to use the vi keys plus diagonals to move: h–j–k–l for left–down–up–right, and y–u–b–n for up&left–up&right–down&left–down&right.
• While the standard keys < and > go up and down levels, to enter places from down you have to press Shift-E.
• Monsters don’t follow you between dungeon levels, but the stairs, going both up and down, deposit you at a random place on the next level, so you can’t just retreat up if you find a dangerous monster on the next level.
• Some dungeon features use letters of the alphabet in addition to monsters: a deep blue P is a pit you might fall down.
• There is no key to put on or remove a ring, for they take effect automatically as you carry them. They’re identified immediately too.
• Potions and books don’t get individual descriptions when unknown, like “scroll titled KIRJE” or “plaid potions,” but they do still have underlying identities, and get identified when you use them.
• Lots of items, not just weapons and armor, have plusses, and you can even see them when the item type is unknown. What they mean, you’ll have to figure that out for yourself.
• When you find gems, don’t sell them in the trading post. Take them to the bank and have them appraised there.
• The flow of your quest is unusual to players expecting to collect an Amulet of Yendor some ways down and escape with it. The Eye of Larn is at the bottom of the main dungeon, but it won’t cure your daughter. But there is a way it can greatly further your quest, if you can figure out what that is.

A really distinctive thing about Larn is its time limit. Larn doesn’t use a food clock like many other classic roguelikes, but instead your daughter is dying of a mysterious disease whose cure is rumored to be somewhere in the land. As long as you progress slowly enough you can usually handle the monsters, and you can learn new skills in the College of Larn, but if you take more than 350 “mobils” you’ll fail your quest, although there is an item that can give you more time. If you manage to win the game, the Larn Revenue Service assesses you taxes based on your score before you can use the stores in subsequent games, and you can set a difficulty level before playing that affects the game in many ways: use the command-line option -# where # is the level, with 0 being the easiest.

Larn has its own wiki with many play tips (a lot of them spoilers) at wiki.larn.org.

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One solution was what I am told is now called semigraphics, which means using generic characters that are pre-defined by the system in combination with each other, piecing together larger images from symbolic building blocks.

ASCII Art, that fading art form created to make imagines on terminal displays, is a form of semigraphic. The IBM PC character set supported semigraphics mostly through its famous Code Page 437, which provided a variety of line-drawing characters , but looking at it it’s evident that it wasn’t intended for general graphic use.

Different platforms from the time varied widely in their support for graphic characters. Let’s take a quick look at what the options were.

Apple

The base Apple II had a very limited character set:

The Apple II’s character offers little opportunity for graphic use. Of course the Apple II is a miracle through and through for being designed almost entirely by one person, Steve Wozniak, and that includes its character set. Note that it doesn’t neglect reverse video, and even has hardware support for flashing characters. Still though, not much you can do with it other than repurpose punctuation and letters.

PETSCII

The PET and successors, by contrast have an excellent character set for makeshift graphics. The image above is of the Commodore 64 version, but the same graphics are used on old PETs, the VIC-20, the Commodore 128, and even the TED-based machines, the Plus-4 and Commodore 16.

While they’re not reflected in the above image, the whole character set can be reversed too. These machines reverse characters by, simply, duplicating the whole set in ROM as negative images.

PETSCII contains:

• Four playing card suit glyphs
• A decent set of line-drawing characters, with all intersections both sharp-edged and curved corners
• Diagonal slopes, diagonal lines and crossed diagonals
• Horizontal and vertical lines at different places in the character cells
• Frame corners, which combined with the lines can make decent rectangles
• Horizontal and vertical bars at several different widths
• Half-tone checkerboards and half-character checkerboards (on PET systems these have a single-pixel grain, but on later machines the checkerboard squares are 2×2 blocks)
• 4×4 blocks in enough combinations that, combined with their reverse versions, can be used to approximate a 80×50 pixel display with plain characters
• Symbols for English pound and Pi

PETSCII is one of the most versatile character sets from the time, and you can do a ton with it with some thought and ingenuity. There used to be a Twitter account (in the days before the Muskening) that posted images of robots made out of PETSCII characters. And because the character set is included in ROM, one doesn’t have to create their own character graphics, using up 8K of system RAM to hold them, to have rudimentary graphics. (In fact, the original PET didn’t even support redefining the character set, so PETSCII was all you got.)

ATASCII

Did Atari consciously follow the naming of PETSCII, with their own self-branded ATASCII? Both are riffing off of ASCII, which stands for American Standard Code for Information Interchange. So I guess PETSCII, going by Commodore’s own claimed meaning for PET, means “Personal Electronic Transactor Standard Code for Information Interchange,” which is pretty terrible. But the ATA in ATASCII makes even less sense, since ATA obviously is just the first three letters in Atari.

While it has nowhere near the sheer number of graphic characters that PETSCII has, it had a decent number, including line drawing, slopes and diagonal lines and playing card suits. Of particular note is that the Clubs symbol has the same hole in its middle that it does in PETSCII.

TRS-80

Wikipedia doesn’t offer a screenshot chart of all the symbols of the TRS-80 set, but it does an HTML Table display, which the above is excerpted from. The only graphic characters it has are these off 2×3 cells, which are like the 2×2 blocks in the Commodore set but with an extra row. This gives its screen slightly finer resolution.

The TRS-80 had fairly basic graphics, it seems: those characters appear to have been it as far as graphics goes. The page I saw that described its capabilities even had a name for those blocks: squots. I think that’s a perfectly fine name for these kinds of boxes, whether it’s on a TRS-80, Commodore 64 or other machine.

Sinclair ZX-81

The ZX-81 had a very limited character set. While it has checkerboard and 4×4 block characters, their inclusion comes at the cost of an apostrophe, an at-sign, and even an exclamation point.

The following Spectrum removed the checkerboards, but added the exclamation point and apostrophe, as well as a lowercase alphabet. Still no @ though.

DOS Code Page 437

This is the one that most of you probably already know. It has its own version of squots, but they’re incomplete: it doesn’t have quarter-box or squot-grained checkerboard characters, tlhough it does have three forms of half-tone, a rather extra assortment of double-lined box characters, playing card suit glyphs, and a number of unusual characters up above that will be very familiar to anyone who played PC Rogue.

DOS Code Page 437 was in many ways the end of the venerable tradition of character set graphics. Neither the Atari ST nor Amiga had much use for general purpose character graphics, instead choosing to use their sets’ spare capacity for international characters, a noble offering, but less useful for graphic use.

It is worth noting some of the characters in the ST’s set, though:

Some miscellaneous glyphs like arrows, an X mark and checkbox, a bell and musical note, the Atari logo in two characters, a bunch of digital readout numbers, and four characters that seem to form a face. Here, I’ll piece it together for you:

Who might this handsome person be? It’s a little hard to make out at this scale, but it’s intended to be a pixel-art representation of “Bob” Dobbs, icon and symbol of the Church of the Subgenius!

It’s not a good set of squots, but it’s not bad.

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Back on my Commodore coding days I became very familiar with these characters. I think they’re much more universally-applicable for graphic use than the IBM equivalent, the famous Code Page 437, although that’s mostly because PETSCII doesn’t bother defining supporting so many languages. Code Page 437 also uses a lot of its space for single and double-line versions of box-drawing characters, although on the other hand it doesn’t waste characters defining reverse-video versions of every glyph.

PETSCII has:

• A space and reversed space, of course.
• Line drawing characters for boxes of course: vertical and horizontal lines, corners, and three- and four-way intersections. There are also curved versions of the corners.
• More line-drawing characters for borders.
• Still more horizontal and vertical lines, at each pixel position within their box.
• With the reverse-video versions, enough characters to effectively do a 80×50 pixel display, as if it had a super low-res mode.
• Different thicknesses of horizontal and vertical lines too.
• Diagonal lines, and a big ‘X’. Note that on the PET and Vic-20 these lines were all one pixel wide, but on later computers with both better resolution and color graphics they were made thicker, which means diagonal lines have “notches” between character cells.
• Other miscellaneous symbols: playing card symbols, filled and hollow balls, and some checkerboards for shading. On the PET and Vic, the shading characters were finer, while on the other 8-bit computers they were made of 2×2 boxes.

There are resources that let you use PETSCII to create old-school computer art, like this PETSCII editor, Petmate and Playscii, and for a bunch of examples of what you can do with it you can browse through the Twitter account PETSCIIBots. And this blog post from 2016 both makes the case for PETSCII as a medium for art and provides some great examples of it.

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“We scour the Earth web for indie, retro, and niche gaming news so you don’t have to, drebnar!” – your faithful reporter

Computer issues kept me from filing last week’s report. That is the reason. It is not true that I got so drunk at a Globmas Party that my chemical composition was 50% alcohol. Don’t listen to those rumors! Let us begin.

Dwarf Fortress’ Steam Edition is still the toast of the gaming blogoglobe! A recent update lets you use the original version’s ASCII graphics instead of the high-falutin’ new pixel art skin. So proclaimeth Ian Boudreau at PCGamesN!

It’s funny. Corbin Davenport writes an article at How-To Geek titled Atari’s New Gaming Console Isn’t Dead Yet. But it’s URL is: https://www.howtogeek.com/855757/ataris-new-gaming-console-is-dead/ Don’t you love how URL slugs can reveal a piece’s working title? The article itself is more about how it’s mostly dead, so someone call Miracle Max.

Gavin Lane at NintendoLife discusses the upcoming shutdown of the 3DS and WiiU eShops. You haven’t been able to add funds for a while through the stores, although you could still add them using the Switch’s shop then use that money to buy there. The piece mentions that Nintendo has been almost anxious to close the shops, due to poor sales of the WiiU. You’ll still be able to download purchased software… for a while.

Also at NintendoLife, Liam Doolan interviews a couple of people at Wayforward about River City Girls 2! It turns out that planning began almost immediately after RCG1 wrapped up.

Tom Ivan. Video Games Chronicle. Microsoft and Activision have filed responses to the FTC complaint about their merger being anti-competitive. Creatures of my species are capable of merging together into one blobby whole, which is admittedly quite fun on a boring Saturday night, but none of us are corporations that control massive segments of the console gaming market!

Related, Jezz Corden of Windows Central reports that Microsoft is claiming that Sony’s influence will prevent four specific games from ever reaching the Xbox console platform: Final Fantasy VII Remake, Final Fantasy 16 (shouldn’t that be XVI?), Silent Hill 2 Remake, and Bloodborne.

And finally, at The Ringer, M.D. Rodrigues writes a long piece about the legacy of the Sega Genesis Ecco the Dolphin games.

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